Windsor Castle, located in Berkshire, England, is the oldest and largest occupied castle in the world, serving as both a royal residence and a symbol of British history. Its origins date back to the 11th century, and it has been continuously used by British monarchs for over 1,000 years. Here's a detailed history of Windsor Castle:

1. Norman Origins (11th Century)

Windsor Castle was founded by William the Conqueror shortly after the Norman invasion in 1066. It was originally built as a defensive fortress to secure Norman control of the Thames Valley and to protect the western approaches to London. The first construction was a wooden motte-and-bailey castle situated on a strategic hill above the River Thames.

2. Medieval Development (12th–13th Century)

In the reign of Henry I (1100–1135), Windsor Castle began to serve as a royal residence. Henry II (1154–1189) replaced the wooden fortifications with stone, transforming the castle into a more durable structure. During King John's reign (1199–1216), the castle was used during the events surrounding the signing of the Magna Carta in 1215 at nearby Runnymede.

3. The Age of Edward III (14th Century)

Under Edward III (1327–1377), Windsor Castle underwent extensive renovation and expansion. Edward III was born at the castle and made it the center of his court, dedicating significant resources to its development. He built the magnificent St. George’s Hall and established the Order of the Garter, the highest order of chivalry in England, which still holds ceremonies at the castle today.

4. Late Medieval Period (15th–16th Century)

Windsor Castle became a royal favorite during the Wars of the Roses (1455–1485). Edward IV (1461–1483) began constructing the present-day St. George’s Chapel, which was completed under Henry VII. Henry VIII (1509–1547), though primarily associated with other palaces, used Windsor for hunting. He is buried in St. George’s Chapel alongside Jane Seymour, his third wife.

5. Tudor and Stuart Period (16th–17th Century)

Windsor Castle played a crucial role during the turbulent Tudor and Stuart periods. Under Elizabeth I (1558–1603), the castle was used as a refuge during the plague in London. During the English Civil War (1642–1651), the castle was garrisoned by Parliamentary forces, and Charles I was imprisoned there before his execution in 1649. After the monarchy was restored, Charles II (1660–1685) modernized the castle, turning it into a Baroque palace, commissioning Sir Christopher Wren to create new state apartments.

6. Georgian Era (18th–19th Century)

The Georgian monarchs, particularly George III (1760–1820), spent significant time at Windsor. George III made extensive renovations to the castle, restoring parts that had fallen into disrepair and creating a library, art collection, and new interiors. His son, George IV (1820–1830), continued this work, adding Gothic elements to the castle under the direction of architect Jeffry Wyatville. Much of Windsor Castle’s current appearance, including its iconic round tower, is owed to George IV's vision.

7. Victorian Period (19th Century)

Queen Victoria (1837–1901) spent much of her reign at Windsor Castle. It became her preferred royal residence and was a focal point of royal life. After the death of her husband, Prince Albert, in 1861, Windsor became a place of mourning for the queen, and she spent increasingly long periods there. Prince Albert Memorial Chapel was built during this time.

8. 20th Century

During the 20th century, Windsor Castle continued to serve as an official royal residence. During World War II, it was used as a refuge for the royal family. King George VI and Queen Elizabeth (the future Queen Mother) remained at Windsor while London was bombed, symbolizing the resilience of the British people.

In 1992, a devastating fire broke out at Windsor Castle, causing significant damage to the structure. It took five years to fully restore the castle, at a cost of around £37 million. Queen Elizabeth II, who spent much of her time at Windsor, took a personal interest in the restoration.

9. 21st Century

Windsor Castle remains a working royal palace and is often used for ceremonial and state occasions. It became a place of refuge for Queen Elizabeth II during the COVID-19 pandemic. In recent years, it has hosted significant events such as the wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle in 2018.

Queen Elizabeth II passed away in 2022, and King Charles III has continued to use Windsor Castle as one of the key royal residences. Today, the castle is open to the public, showcasing its remarkable history, architectural splendor, and role as a symbol of the British monarchy.

Architectural Features:

• St. George’s Chapel: A masterpiece of Gothic architecture, it has been the site of many royal weddings and is the final resting place of several monarchs, including Henry VIII, Charles I, and Queen Elizabeth II.
• Round Tower: The central tower is one of the most recognizable features, dating back to the original Norman fortifications, though heavily modified in the 19th century.

Symbolism:

Windsor Castle stands as a symbol of continuity, resilience, and tradition. Over the centuries, it has evolved from a medieval fortress to a Renaissance palace and a symbol of modern monarchy, adapting to the times while remaining a central fixture of the British royal family.